Le Cao Dai was a Hanoi surgeon who set up an underground field hospital in the central highlands during the American War. He saw the planes spraying. He started to notice soldiers suffering unusual diseases:
- liver and other cancers
- immune deficiency diseases
- severe diarrhoea
- persistent malaria
As early as 1964, while the spraying was increasing in Vietnam, reports circulated of increased miscarriages, stillbirths and birth defects among Vietnamese women and animals.
This former North Vietnamese soldier's son is blind and deaf
Records from 1970 for Saigon's leading maternity hospital showed a monthly average of 140 miscarriages and 150 premature births in 2800 pregnancies.
In December 1970 then President Richard Nixon called a halt to spraying, but it was not until October 1971 that the last spray was applied.
